Linda Johnson 
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. It is characterized by an inability to control alcohol consumption despite negative consequences, which can lead to significant physical, emotional, and social problems. While moderate alcohol consumption is common in many cultures, AUD occurs when drinking escalates beyond control and results … Read more
Substance dependence, commonly known as addiction, is a chronic condition marked by the compulsive use of a substance despite its negative consequences. It involves both psychological and physical components, where an individual develops tolerance, experiences withdrawal symptoms, and feels an overwhelming urge to continue using the substance. Over time, substance dependence can significantly impair a … Read more
Substance withdrawal occurs when an individual reduces or stops the use of a substance they have become physically dependent on. This condition can arise from the abrupt cessation or reduction of alcohol, drugs, or prescription medications. The symptoms and severity of withdrawal vary depending on the substance, the duration of use, and the individual’s health. … Read more
Substance intoxication and withdrawal are central elements in the discussion of substance use disorders, representing two distinct stages of a person’s interaction with a substance. Intoxication occurs when a person consumes a substance to the point where it interferes with normal brain function, resulting in altered behavior, mood, or physical state. Withdrawal, on the other … Read more
Substance-induced disorders encompass a wide range of psychological and physical effects resulting from the use of alcohol, drugs, or other substances. These disorders can significantly impact mental health, leading to a complex interaction between substance use and underlying mental health conditions. Substance abuse is often a coping mechanism for individuals struggling with mental health issues, … Read more
Amnesia, often associated with memory loss, is a complex condition that disrupts an individual’s ability to recall past experiences or form new memories. It affects not only the person experiencing it but also their loved ones and caregivers, as memory plays a crucial role in shaping our identities and managing daily life. While the term … Read more
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition linked to repetitive brain trauma. Initially observed in boxers, it has since been recognized in athletes from contact sports like football, hockey, and rugby, as well as in military personnel exposed to blasts. While the disease manifests decades after the initial trauma, its impact on cognitive, … Read more
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) represents a significant complication in individuals living with HIV, affecting cognitive, behavioral, and motor functions. The condition arises due to the impact of HIV on the central nervous system (CNS), even in individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). While advancements in treatment have extended the life expectancy of those with HIV, the … Read more
Irregular work shifts have become a defining feature of modern industries, especially in healthcare, transportation, and emergency services. These nontraditional schedules are often necessary to maintain round-the-clock operations, yet they come at a considerable cost to workers’ health. Among the most significant challenges faced by shift workers is the disruption of their circadian rhythm, the … Read more
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant medical condition that can profoundly affect an individual’s physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being. Whether caused by accidents, falls, sports injuries, or violent incidents, TBIs vary in severity, ranging from mild concussions to severe, life-altering trauma. These injuries disrupt the brain’s normal functioning, leading to changes that extend beyond … Read more