Dementia is a complex and progressive neurological condition that affects millions of people around the world. It is not a single disease but an umbrella term for a range of cognitive impairments that interfere with memory, thinking, language, and daily functioning. The condition is most commonly seen in older adults, but it can also affect … Read more

Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (Non-24) is a rare but significant circadian rhythm disorder that profoundly impacts daily life. Characterized by a recurring disruption in the sleep-wake cycle, this condition most commonly affects individuals who are blind, although sighted individuals can also experience it. The root cause lies in the body’s inability to align its internal clock … Read more

Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by an early evening sleep onset and an early morning awakening. Unlike individuals who simply prefer to wake early, those with ASPD experience significant challenges in adapting their sleep patterns to societal norms, often resulting in disrupted social and professional life. This condition, … Read more

Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD) is a condition that disrupts the body’s internal clock, making it difficult for individuals to fall asleep at a socially acceptable time. Unlike occasional difficulty sleeping, DSPD is a chronic condition that can significantly affect daily life. It often leads to late bedtimes and delayed waking hours, even when individuals … Read more

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs) are a group of conditions that disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to a mismatch between an individual’s internal biological clock and external environmental cues such as light and time. These disruptions can cause significant difficulty in maintaining regular sleep patterns, impacting overall health and well-being. CRSDs affect both the … Read more

Hypnopompic hallucinations refer to vivid and often disturbing sensory experiences that occur when a person is transitioning from sleep to wakefulness. These hallucinations can involve seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren’t actually present, and they are typically accompanied by a sense of confusion or fear. Although they may seem disorienting, hypnopompic hallucinations are relatively … Read more

Hypnagogic hallucinations are vivid sensory experiences that occur during the transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep. These episodes can involve visual, auditory, or tactile sensations that feel incredibly real, often leaving individuals confused or alarmed. Unlike typical dreams that occur during deep sleep, hypnagogic hallucinations happen as the mind begins to drift off, blurring the … Read more

Sleep is an essential aspect of human life, offering the body and mind a chance to rest and rejuvenate. However, for some individuals, the sleep process is interrupted by unusual behaviors, such as sleepwalking. Sleepwalking, medically referred to as somnambulism, is a phenomenon where individuals perform complex actions, such as walking, while still in a … Read more

Sleep plays a vital role in maintaining physical health and mental well-being, yet certain conditions can disrupt its restorative nature, leaving individuals feeling disoriented and unsettled. Confusional arousals are one such phenomenon, characterized by episodes of confusion and disorientation upon waking.  Often referred to as “sleep drunkenness,” these episodes occur when an individual transitions between … Read more

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Behavior Disorder is a rare but significant sleep condition that disrupts the normal boundaries between dreaming and physical movement. Typically, during REM sleep, the body enters a state of temporary paralysis to prevent individuals from physically acting out their dreams.  However, in individuals with this disorder, the paralysis fails, resulting … Read more